BENCHMARKS IN MANUFACTURE OF CEMENT

Table. Benchmarks in manufacture of cement.

Benchmarks
Kilns	Shaft kiln-Rotary Kiln - Wet - Long dry - Short - Semi dry and Dry preheater kilns
Coolers	Rotary Cooler - planetary cooler; Traveling and Reciprocating grate coolers; Static grate, pendulum coolers and cross bar coolers
Preheaters	Calciners in wet kilns, traveling grate preheaters; Suspension preheaters 4 - 6 stages.
Mills	Ball and tube mills - mills with slide shoe bearings; Vertical ring and roller mills; Roller press and ball mill combinations; Horizontal Roller mill
Blending	Slurry blending - slurry mixer; Air merge blending - batch and continuous
Classifiers	Wet classifiers; Dry c1assifiers- grit separators, mechanical air separators; High efficiency separators
Crushers	Jaw, Hammer, Roll and Impact, mobile and semi mobile crushers
Packing machines	Stationary - rotary - rotary electronic
Calciners	In and off line; spouted bed, fluidized bed and many others
Despatches	Mechanized-automated loading of bagged cement; Bulk cement by road and rail and sea
Dust collectors	Cyclones; poly and multiclones; Bag filters- glass bag filters; Gravel Bed filters; Electrostatic PreCipitators

Fig. Benchmarks in manufacture of cement.

source: S P DEOLALKAR: Handbook for DESIGNING CEMENT PLANTS

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PRINCIPAL TYPES OF CEMENTS AND THEIR USES

Principal Types of Cements and their uses.

Sr.No.	Type of cement	Short Name	Salient Properties	Uses
1	rapid hardening cement	RHC	similar to OPC; ground finer; develops strengths more rapidly	where speed of construction is important
2	sulphate resistant cement	SRC	composition adjusted to give increased resistance to sulphate bearing waters	for lining of canals, culverts and where construction is exposed severe alkali conditions.
3	low heat cement	LHC	composition reduces heat of hydration; strengths developed more slowly	for constructions involving mass concrete like dams
4	high alumina cement		made by sintering limstone and bauxite;develops strengths rapidly approaches final strength in 24 hours	where speed of work is most important like roads in cities and casting piles
5	oil well cement cement of		cement of special chemical composition; rather coaresly ground	for cementing steel casing of walls of bores
6	white cement	WPC	very low < 0.4 % iron oxide	white in color; used for decorative purposes, mosaic tiles; cement paints
7	pozzolana cement	PPC	has low heat of hydration	for mass concrete
8	blast furnace slag cement	BFSC	low heat of hydration; is also more sulphate resistant	used for dams and other water retaining structures
9	early strength cement			used in constructions where shuttering is required to be removed early; in construction of silos with slip form shuttering

source: S P DEOLALKAR: Handbook for DESIGNING CEMENT PLANTS

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